License types. Michigan issues two types of driver's licenses: operator and chauffeur. An operator's license is what most residents mean when they use the term 'driver's license.' An operator's license allows you to drive passenger vehicles and light-duty trucks with a gross vehicle weight rating capacity of less than 26,000 pounds. Class A, Class B, Class C and Commercial (CDL) licenses People 21 years of age or older are entitled to apply for a Class A driver's license. They can also apply for any CDL with a hazardous materials endorsement. Those who have turned 18 can apply for a Class B or Class C driver's license. A Class B commercial driver license is required to operate: A single vehicle with a GVWR of 26,001 lbs. AND/OR; Any vehicle as described above that is towing another vehicle weighing UP TO 10,000 lbs. As with Class A licenses, you may be required to possess specific endorsements to operate some vehicles with a Class B license.

• Michigan Driver License Class Types
• Driver License Class Illinois
• Indiana Drivers License Class Codes
• Ohio Drivers License Class Types

When people learn to drive, they usually begin with the most basic class of driver's license: the Class C license. However, to operate specialty vehicles such as ambulances or transport tractor trailers, you must apply for special licenses. Most states have at least one motorcycle class, three non-commercial classes and three commercial license classes. Department of Motor Vehicle websites can help you sort through the subtleties of license classes.

Basic Classes

In most states, licenses fall into A, B, C and M classes. Classes A, B and C are further broken down by commercial and non-commercial vehicles. These three classes cover cars, trucks and tractor trailers. In addition, the A, B and C classes each have separate weight restrictions for both the main operational vehicle and any items being towed. The basic Class C license allows you to drive two and three-axle vehicles up to a certain weight (in California, 26,000 lbs. and 6,000 lbs., respectively). The Class C license is the standard 'driver's license.' With a Class C, you can transport up to 16 passengers. A commercial Class C license can contain endorsements that allow the driver to transport hazardous materials or more than 16 passengers. The Commercial Class B license allows you to operate vehicles up to a certain amount (for instance, 26,000 lbs. in California) and tow commercial trailers up to a certain amount (usually 10,000 lbs). Commercial Class B drivers can also operate non-commercial Class B vehicles and tow vehicles that Class C drivers can tow. With a Commercial Class A license, you can operate all Class B and C vehicles and tow all commercial vehicles, regardless of weight. On the non-commercial side, a Class A license allows operation and towing of all vehicles and trailers except commercial vehicles, motorcycles and other vehicles that require additional endorsements. Driving a motorcycle requires a Class M license. Depending on the state, M licenses may fall into more than one category. In California, for instance, an M1 license is required to operate standard motorcycles and an M2 license is needed for motorized bikes.

State Variance

The basic license classes remain mostly the same from state to state. Slight differences may occur in weight restrictions for operation and towing. Certain states may have special licenses for new drivers (e.g. the Class D license in Georgia) and some specialty vehicles like a fire truck (e.g. the Class A Fire Fighter license in California). Not all states have two separate classes of motorcycle licenses.

Preparing for the Test

No matter what class of license you apply for, you will have to pass a written test and a road test. States often require young drivers to obtain initial learner's permits, as well. Many DMVs offer sample written tests to help you prepare. All license classes also require application forms, proof of age and name, vision tests and varying fees

Tests

For non-commercial licenses, a permit is usually granted if you pass the written tests. After a certain period of practice, you must return to the DMV and pass the road test. In order to receive a non-commercial Class A or Class B license, you must already have a Class C license in good standing and adhere to additional requirements. For commercial licenses, most states require background checks and road examinations with Commercial Driving Test centers. To pass the commercial driving test, you will need to pass a vehicle inspection and basic skills/driving tests, depending on the specific class. Motorcycle licenses also start with a permit process. After a period of practice, you must pass both a written test and a motorcycle skills test. Age restrictions on certain license types vary by state.

License Restrictions

With a class C license, you cannot tow more than one car. Commercial Class C licenses are needed to transport hazardous materials (see section 6 for more details). Many states have various age restrictions. The most common age restriction is a curfew imposed on a new driver under a certain age. In West Virginia, drivers under 21 have restrictions on traveling intrastate. Other restrictions include L (which limits drivers to vehicles without air-brakes) and N (a Class C restriction that only lets the driver operate buses 26,000 pounds or less).

Endorsements

Endorsements are needed to transport certain substances, regardless of the license class. The basic Class C license has a P (passenger) endorsement achieved through the standard road test. Hazmat transportation is recognized by the H (HAZMAT) endorsement, N endorsements allow you to operate tanks, T endorsements allow you to operate doubles/triples, and an F endorsement lets you operate motorcycles (as opposed to the motorcycle only M license).

• Courtesy of a Creative Commons License (Flickr/Robert S. Donovan)

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In the United States, driver's licenses are issued by each individual state, territory, and the District of Columbia rather than by the federal government because of the concept of federalism. Drivers are normally required to obtain a license from their state of residence and all states recognize each other's licenses for non-resident age requirements. A state may also suspend an individual's driving privilege within its borders for traffic violations. Many states share a common system of license classes, with some exceptions, e.g. commercial license classes are standardized by federal regulation at 49 C.F.R.383.^[1]

Michigan Driver License Class Types

• 3Commercial Driver's Licenses (CDL)
• 5Drivers licensing laws
• 7Use as identification and proof of age

History[edit]

As the number of motor vehicles reached tens of thousands, state and local governments assumed a new power: authorizing vehicles and drivers. In 1901, New York became the first state to register automobiles; by 1918 all states required license plates.^[2] States were slower to require licenses for drivers. Only 39 states issued them by 1935 and few required a test, despite widespread concern about incompetent drivers.^[2] Early motorists were taught to drive by automobile salesmen, family and friends, or organizations like the YMCA. By the 1930s, many high schools offered driver education.^[2]

Massachusetts and Missouri were the first states to require a driver's license in 1903, but there was no test associated with the license.^[3] “In 1908, Henry Ford launched the Model T, the first affordable automobile for many middle-class Americans. (In 1919, when Ford’s native state of Michigan started issuing driver’s licenses, he got his first one at age 56.) The same year the Model T debuted, Rhode Island became the first state to require both a license and a driver’s exam (Massachusetts instituted a chauffeur exam in 1907 and started requiring tests for all other drivers in 1920). California, now known for its car culture, started requiring licenses in 1913 and exams in 1927.”^[3] It was not until 1959 that all the states required a license for the driver.^[3]

Standard and special licenses[edit]

• Unrestricted Licenses are driver's licenses that most American drivers have in order to drive. Various states differ on what class they utilize to distinguish between a typical driver's license and special licenses, such as restricted, chauffeur, or motorcycle licenses. For instance, Tennessee designates Class D as a regular driver's license, while Class M is a motorcycle license and Class H is a hardship license (see below).
• Hardship licenses for minors are driver's licenses that are restricted to drivers between 14 and 15 (sometimes up to 18) years old who need to drive to and from home and school due to serious hardships, e.g. the driver's family has financial or medical problems; the driver needs to get to work or school and has no other practical way of getting to work or school. A hardship license for minors is distinct from hardship licenses granted for drivers with revoked or suspended licenses.^[4] The table below includes states that provide hardship licenses for minors.
• Provisional Licenses are functionally the same as a driver's license, but are typically issued to new drivers under the age of 18, i.e. 14–17 years old. Almost all states, with the exception of South Dakota, have some form of a graduated licensing provision; however, the actual restrictions and the length of time a new driver must adhere to them vary widely by state. Restrictions frequently include:
  • A curfew, after which night driving is not permitted (unless 18 years of age, or if the individual has completed an online course) without an adult present (typically 11 p.m., like Pennsylvania, or 1 a.m., like Wisconsin). However, some states (e.g. North Carolina) have curfews as early as 9 p.m. Some states such as New York provide exceptions for special situations, such as driving home from work or school functions, picking up family members, or for medical appointments, while others such as Massachusetts do not.
  • Restrictions on the number of passengers under a specific age present in the vehicle. For example, in California, minors may not transport people under age 20 for the first 365 days of licensure unless said passengers are family members (brother, sister, cousin, niece, nephew, or anyone who is 21 or had their license for 1 year or longer etc.).
• Chauffeur Licenses are functionally the same as a passenger car license, but also allow the holder to drive a taxi, limo, or other livery vehicle for hire. Livery licensing in the United States is somewhat complicated. In the United States, chauffeur licenses are not considered commercial or professional driver's licenses, and (assuming the driver already holds a regular passenger license) a road test is usually not required to convert it to a chauffeur license; however, some states do require a short written exam on taxi-specific driving laws or a background check, and require the driver to be at least 18 years of age (although many taxi companies will not hire drivers under 25 for insurance reasons). This type of license is typically, though not universally, called 'Class E'. Some states simply add an endorsement to a regular license, while others require no special permission at the state level to drive a taxi or limo. Florida once issued chauffeur licenses through its Class D licenses, a designation that was eliminated in 2006. Regardless of whether and how the state handles chauffeur licensing, a permit or license must always be obtained from the city, town, or county the driver will be operating in.
• Motorcycle Licenses covers motorcycles only; frequently combined with a regular driver's license. In some states this does not include some types of mopeds, scooters, or motorized bicycles, but with a wide variety of different state-by-state definitions for these vehicles. A common but not universal criterion is an engine displacement of 250 cc (15 cu in) or less, but also wheel size, type of transmission, and more are sometimes used in the legal codes to distinguish mopeds and scooters from motorcycles. These vehicles sometimes do not require a motorcycle license, or in some states any license at all, as well as in some states avoiding insurance and registration requirements. Unlike EU states, no US state differentiates between low and full powered motorcycles for the purposes of licensing. Some states require an additional motorcycle license to operate a sidecar rig.^[5]
• Enhanced Licenses are issued to U.S. citizens in Washington, Vermont, Michigan, California, Minnesota, and New York, and establish nationality in addition to driving privileges. An EDL is a WHTI compliant document, acceptable for re-entering the United States via land and sea crossings from Canada, Mexico, or the Caribbean. A U.S. Passport, birth certificate, or another document proving citizenship is required to apply for this type of license. Motorcycle and commercial driver's licenses (see above and below) usually can also be issued as enhanced.
• Handicap Permits are issued to persons who meet the proper guidelines for requiring handicap driving and parking access. They are granted special access to improve their quality of life as a driver. In certain states, namely Texas, a handicapped person's drivers license can be revoked based on their disability.^[6]

Some states also have additional classifications. Hawaii, for example, has a separate license category for drivers who only operate mopeds, while some more northerly states have separate categories for snowmobiles and ATVs. South Carolina and Georgia have non-commercial versions of every commercial class license for agricultural purposes.

Commercial Driver's Licenses (CDL)[edit]

Class C licenses are issued in all states, except Massachusetts, in both commercial and non-commercial status. A non-commercial Class C license may not be used for hire. Most recreational vehicles that do not fall into the class D/E category, such as converted buses, tractor, lawn mowers, or full size (greater than 40 feet (12 m)) campers require a non-commercial Class C license and the corresponding permit from the state with which you reside.

CDL endorsements[edit]

• Class A: Combination (tractor plus trailer) vehicle of 26,001 pounds (11,794 kg) or more. Includes split (coupled) buses.^[7]
• Class B: Single (straight) vehicle of 26,001 pounds (11,794 kg) or more (includes most buses including articulated buses). Also includes combination vehicles for commercial use weighing no less than 26,001 lb.^[7]
• Class C: Commercial vehicle that doesn't fit classes A or B, but is placarded for hazardous materials or is intended to carry 16 or more persons (excluding Georgia.) May include heavy-duty non-commercial vehicles with or without trailers, trailer must have a gross vehicle weight rating of less than 10,001 pounds (4,536 kg). Vehicles must have a gross vehicle weight rating of less than 26,001 pounds (11,794 kg). ^[7]

Professional drivers are usually required to add endorsements to their CDL in order to drive certain types of vehicles that require additional training. CDL endorsements requirements are mostly similar, but some vary slightly from state to state. The training and testing requirements are regulated by the US Department of Transportation. Endorsements are as follows:^[8]

• P: Passenger Transport (buses carrying 16 or more persons. Vans for hire carrying 11 or more persons in California)
• H: Hazardous Materials (requires a TSA background check as well as an extensive written exam. The driver must be a US Citizen or permanent lawful resident to obtain an H or X endorsement.)
• M: Metal coil
• N: Tank Vehicles (Required for carrying liquids in bulk.)
• T: Double/Triple Trailers (Road trains) (Class A licenses only.)
• X: Hazardous Materials and Tank Combination
• L: Air Brakes
• S: School Bus (In addition to a standard bus endorsement, more stringent TSA and CORI background checks are required.)

CDL restrictions[edit]

Licenses can be restricted through any of the following ways:^[8]

• B: Corrective Lenses are required while operating a motor vehicle.
• C: A mechanical aid is required to operate a commercial vehicle.
• D: A prosthetic aid is required to operate a commercial vehicle.
• E: The driver may only operate a commercial vehicle with an automatic transmission.
• F: An outside mirror is required on the commercial vehicle.
• G: The driver of a commercial vehicle is only allowed to operate during daylight hours.
• K: Drivers are authorized to drive a commercial vehicle within the state of issue (intrastate) only.^[9] This restriction applies to any holder of a CDL license who is under 21 years old.
• L: Drivers are restricted from operating a commercial vehicle with air brakes. This restriction is issued when a driver either fails the air brake component of the general knowledge test or performs the CDL road skills test in a vehicle not equipped with air brakes.
• M: CDL-A holders may operate CDL-B school buses only.
• N: CDL-A and CDL-B holders may operate CDL-C school buses only.
• O: Driver limited to pintail hook trailers only.
• Z: Alcohol Interlock Device required in the commercial vehicle.
• T: 60-day temporary license.

Foreign officials and diplomats[edit]

In a rare exception to states and territories issuing driver's licenses, the State Department's Office of Foreign Missions (OFM) issues driver's licenses to foreign officials and diplomats, bypassing the states and territories in which they live. OFM-issued driver licenses are equivalent to a regular state-issued license.^[10]

Drivers licensing laws[edit]

The minimum age to obtain a restricted driver's license in the United States varies from 14 years, three months in South Dakota to as high as 17 in New Jersey. In most states, with the exception of South Dakota, a graduated licensing law applies to newly licensed teenage drivers, going by names such as Provisional Driver, Junior Operator, Probationary Driver, or Intermediate License. These licenses restrict certain driving privileges, such as whether the new driver may carry passengers and if so how many, as well as setting a curfew for young drivers to be off the roads. For example, Utah drivers who are under 18 may not drive other people outside the family in their first six months with a license. Unlike in some states of Australia and some provinces of Canada, however, graduated licensing laws do not require lowered speed limits, displaying of L and P plates, restrictions on towing a trailer or boat, or prohibitions on highway driving or operating high performance cars.

Drivers under 18 are usually required to attend a comprehensive driver's education program either at their high school or a professional driving school and take a certain number of behind the wheel lessons with a certified driving instructor before applying for a license. Some states like New York also require new adult drivers to attend some form of driver's education before applying for a license.^[11]

However, in some states all newly licensed adult drivers may be on probation for a set amount of time (usually between six months and two years), during which traffic violations carry harsher penalties or mandatory suspensions that would not normally apply to experienced drivers.

According to federal law, the minimum age to operate a commercial vehicle in interstate transit is 21; as a result the minimum age to apply for an unrestricted commercial driver's license is 21.^[12]

Driving a school bus also requires a CDL, however the minimum age to drive a school bus is typically higher, usually 25. Some states issue restricted intrastate commercial driver's licenses, valid for operating commercial vehicles in that state only, to drivers aged 18 and older. Professional drivers who are aged 18–20 typically cannot be licensed to drive tractor trailers, hazardous materials, or school buses.

Licenses for adults and minors; GDL laws[edit]

Below is a list of Graduated Driver's Licenses (GDL) and hardship licenses for minors laws for each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The list includes the state agency responsible for issuing driver's licenses and the length of time that a full (unrestricted) driver's license is valid for.^{[4][13][14][15][16]}

Decline in licensing among juveniles in the U.S.[edit]

According to a December 2, 2004 Los Angeles Times article, only 43% of American 15-17-year-olds had drivers licenses in 2002.^[115] By comparison, the percentage of drivers licenses in this age group in 1982 was 52%.^{[citation needed]}

Use as identification and proof of age[edit]

Driver's licenses issued in the United States have a number or alphanumeric code issued by the issuing state's department of motor vehicles (or equivalent), usually show a photograph of the bearer, as well as a copy of the bearer's signature, the address of the bearer's primary residence, the type or class of license, restrictions, endorsements (if any), the physical characteristics of the bearer (such as height, weight, hair color and eye color) and birth date. No two driver's license numbers issued by a state are alike. Social Security numbers are now prohibited by federal law from appearing on new driver's licenses due to identity theft concerns. In most states, to be compliant with AAMVA standards, the orientation of a driver's license for persons under the age of 21 is vertical while a driver's license for those over the age of 21 is horizontal. Since the driver's license is often used as proof of a person's age, the difference in orientation makes it easy to determine that a person is legally allowed to purchase or consume alcohol (the drinking age in all U.S. states is 21). Some states, however, do not require that a driver's license is changed to horizontal, such as Arizona, where it is optional to change to a horizontal license. Furthermore, the vertical license does not expire until age 65 in the state of Arizona. Most states require that when a driver establishes residence in a state, he or she must obtain a license issued by that state within a certain time frame.^{[citation needed]}

Because there is no national identity card in the United States, the driver's license is often used as the de facto equivalent for completion of many common business and governmental transactions. As a result, driver's licenses are the focus of many kinds of identity theft. Driver's licenses were not always identification cards. In many states, driver's licenses did not even have a photograph well into the 1980s. Activism by the Mothers Against Drunk Driving organization for the use of photo ID age verification in conjunction with increasing the drinking age to 21 in order to reduce underage drinking led to photographs being added to all state licenses. New York and Tennessee were the last states to add photos in 1986. However, New Jersey later allowed drivers to get non-photo licenses; this was later revoked.^[116] Vermont license holders have the option of receiving a non-photo license.^{[citation needed]} All Tennessee drivers aged 60 years of age or older had the option of a non-photo driver's license prior to January 2013, when photo licenses were required for voting identification. All people with valid non-photo licenses will be allowed to get a photo license when their current license expires.^[117] Thirteen states allow the option of a non-photo driver's license for reasons of religious belief: Arkansas, Indiana, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Washington, and Wisconsin.^[118]

Later additions varied from state to state, and have included fingerprints, bar codes, magnetic strips, social security numbers, and tamper-proof features, most of which were added to prevent identity theft and to curb the use of fake IDs. States have now slowly been converting to digitized driver's licenses, which incorporate holograms and bar codes to prevent forgery.

Non-driver identification cards[edit]

Many states, usually through the same agency that issues driver's licenses, provide identification cards for people who do not drive.^[119]

Real ID[edit]

The Department of Homeland Security has the power through the Real ID Act of 2005 to set standards relating to identification of applicants and license design for state-issued driver licenses and identification cards. States are not required to comply with Real ID, but if a state does not comply, any driver licenses or ID cards issued by that state will not be valid for any official purpose with the federal government, meaning they will not be accepted for entering federal buildings or boarding airplanes.

For a state to meet Real ID compliance, licenses and ID cards issued from that state must be approved by DHS in meeting Real ID requirements.

States can choose to issue both regular licenses and ID cards as well as Real IDs, but any non-Real ID must be marked 'Not for Federal Identification'. Real IDs are valid for 8 years.

Real IDs are allowed to be issued only to legal immigrants and citizens of the United States.

When a person applies for a Real ID, either as a new driver license or ID card applicant or renewing a current license or ID card, they must present a citizenship document (US passport, certified birth certificate or citizenship certificate) or proof of legal immigrant status, proof of a Social Security number if they have been issued one, proof of any name changes if using birth certificate, and two proofs of residency in the state. Wii homebrew usb loader gx download. The state then must verify the documents and store them either electronically or on paper. No one may have more than one Real ID at one time.

A RealID can be identified several different ways depending on the state. It is a gold or black star design located on the top right third of the ID.^[120] As of October 2011, Connecticut also issues them.^[121] Starting in January 2013, Ohio is issuing RealIDs under the name 'Safe ID'.^[122]California started issuing RealIDs on January 22, 2018.^[123]

Enhanced driver's licenses[edit]

Additionally, some states, mostly those with an international border, issue enhanced driver's licenses and enhanced ID cards. Enhanced licenses combine a regular driver's license with the specifications of the new federal passport card. Thus, in addition to providing driving privileges, the enhanced license also is proof of U.S. citizenship, and can therefore be used to cross the Canadian and Mexican borders by road, rail, or sea, although air travel still requires a traditional passport book.^[124] The enhanced licenses are also fully Real ID compliant.

As of May 2009, Vermont, New York, Michigan, and Washington were issuing enhanced driver's licenses and ID cards.^[125] In January 2014, Minnesota became the fifth state to issue enhanced driver's licenses, while Ohio is set to become the sixth state once it has been approved by its legislature.^[126]

On March 27, 2008, the Secretary of Homeland Security announced that Washington's enhanced driver's license^[127] was the first such license approved under the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative; according to a Homeland Security press release, the department is also working with Arizonan authorities to develop enhanced driver's licenses. On September 16, 2008, New York began issuing enhanced driver's licenses that meet WHTI requirements. Texas was expected to also implement an enhanced driver's license program, but the program has been blocked by Texas Governor Rick Perry, despite a state law authorizing the Texas Department of Public Safety to issue EDLs and a ruling by the state attorney general, Greg Abbott, that Texas's production of EDLs would comply with federal requirements.^[128]

Digital driver's licenses[edit]

Driver License Class Illinois

California,^[129]Iowa, and Delaware have proposed digital drivers licenses as a means of identification. The license would be available as an app by MorphoTrust USA and installed on a user's personal cellphone.^[130] Several questions have been raised about user privacy, since a police officer may ask for one's license and gain access to one's cellphone.^[131][132]

Indiana Drivers License Class Codes

Louisiana^[133] passed House Bill 481 in 2016 which became Act 625, making Louisiana the first state with a legally accepted digital driver’s license via LA Wallet, an app created by Envoc that launched in July 2018.^[134] The law allows Louisiana residents to present driver identification using LA Wallet '..upon demand of any officer or agent of the department or any police officer of the state, parish, or municipality..'.^[135] The Louisiana digital driver's license requires no additional hardware to accept and includes a “no-touch” policy whereby the citizen remains in possession of the mobile device at all times. In October 2018, the Louisiana Secretary of State Kyle Ardoin approved usage of LA Wallet for voter identification at the polling stations. ^[136] In January 2019, the Louisiana Office of Alcohol and Tobacco Control issued a notice legally approving LA Wallet, Louisiana's Digital Driver's License app for purchase age verification for tobacco and alcohol sales. ^[137]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

1. ^The state of Florida allows persons with permits to operate a motor vehicle, as follows:(1) Any adult 'may apply for a temporary instruction permit.'(2) The department can 'issue a temporary permit to an applicant for a Class E driver's license permitting him or her to operate a motor vehicle ..'(3) Any person can 'apply for a temporary commercial instruction permit.'(4) Any teenager '17 years and three months can and may' get a 'Class E drivers' license if they already 'possesses a valid driver's license issued in any state; and .. is accompanied by a licensed driver who is 21 years of age or older, who is licensed ..'^{[citation needed]}

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Ohio Drivers License Class Types