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I have to do a small game called NIM. The game is a human vs. computer game where each player removes a number of straws (1,2 or 3) and the player who removes the last straw looses. I got the game to work properly but the problem is that it doesn't want to re-run if the player wants to play again. Any help would be apprecieted. :)

1 Answer

You forgot to reset the number of straws at the start of each game. After def game():, you should insert:

Note: you also need to put answer=input('Do you want to play again?(y/n)') at the end of your while answer'y': loop. This will ask the user for a replay every time, instead of just after the first game.

1. Nim in Action The first Nim book, Nim in Action, is now available for purchase as an eBook or printed soft cover book. Learn the basics such as Nim's syntax and advanced features including macros, and gain practical experience with the language by being led through multiple application development examples.
2. The traditional game of Nim is played with a number of coins arranged in heaps: the number of coins and heaps is up to you. There are two players. When it's a player's move he or she can take any number of coins from a single heap. They have to take at least one coin, though, and they can't take coins from more than one heap.

Nim is the most famous two-player algorithm game. The basic rules for this game are as follows: The game starts with a number of piles of stones. The number of stones in each pile may not be equal. The players alternately pick up or more stones from pile; The player to remove the last stone wins.

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Nim is a mathematicalgame of strategy in which two players take turns removing (i.e., nimming) objects from distinct heaps or piles. On each turn, a player must remove at least one object, and may remove any number of objects provided they all come from the same heap/pile. Depending on the version being played, the goal of the game is either to avoid taking the last object, or to take the last object.

Variants of Nim have been played since ancient times.^[1] The game is said to have originated in China—it closely resembles the Chinese game of 捡石子 jiǎn-shízi, or 'picking stones'^[2]—but the origin is uncertain; the earliest European references to Nim are from the beginning of the 16th century. Its current name was coined by Charles L. Bouton of Harvard University, who also developed the complete theory of the game in 1901,^[3] but the origins of the name were never fully explained.

Nim is typically played as a misère game, in which the player to take the last object loses. Nim can also be played as a normal play game, where the player taking the last object wins. This is called normal play because the last move is a winning move in most games, even though it is not the normal way that Nim is played.

Normal play Nim (or more precisely the system of nimbers) is fundamental to the Sprague–Grundy theorem, which essentially says that in normal play every impartial game is equivalent to a Nim heap that yields the same outcome when played in parallel with other normal play impartial games (see disjunctive sum).

While all normal play impartial games can be assigned a Nim value, that is not the case under the misère convention. Only tame games can be played using the same strategy as misère nim.

Nim is a special case of a poset game where the poset consists of disjoint chains (the heaps).

The evolution graph of the game of Nim with three heaps is the same as three branches of the evolution graph of the Ulam-Warburton automaton.^[4]

At the 1940 New York World's FairWestinghouse displayed a machine, the Nimatron, that played Nim.^[5] From May 11, 1940 to October 27, 1940 only a few people were able to beat the machine in that six week period, if they did they were presented with a coin that said Nim Champ.^[6][7] It was also one of the first ever electronic computerized games. Ferranti built a Nim playing computer which was displayed at the Festival of Britain in 1951. In 1952 Herbert Koppel, Eugene Grant and Howard Bailer, engineers from the W. L. Maxon Corporation, developed a machine weighing 23 kilograms (50 lb) which played Nim against a human opponent and regularly won.^[8] A Nim Playing Machine has been described made from TinkerToy.^[9]

The game of Nim was the subject of Martin Gardner's February 1958 Mathematical Games column in Scientific American. A version of Nim is played—and has symbolic importance—in the French New Wave film Last Year at Marienbad (1961).^[10]

• 3Mathematical theory
• 5Variations

Game play and illustration[edit]

The normal game is between two players and played with three heaps of any number of objects. The two players alternate taking any number of objects from any single one of the heaps. The goal is to be the last to take an object. In misère play, the goal is instead to ensure that the opponent is forced to take the last remaining object.

The following example of a normal game is played between fictional players Bob and Alice who start with heaps of three, four and five objects.

Winning positions[edit]

The practical strategy to win at the game of Nim is for a player to get the other into one of the following positions, and every successive turn afterwards they should be able to make one of the lower positions. Only the last move changes between misere and normal play.

* Only valid for normal play.

** Only valid for misere.

For the generalisations, n and m can be any value > 0, and they may be the same.

Mathematical theory[edit]

Nim has been mathematically solved for any number of initial heaps and objects, and there is an easily calculated way to determine which player will win and what winning moves are open to that player.

The key to the theory of the game is the binarydigital sum of the heap sizes, that is, the sum (in binary) neglecting all carries from one digit to another. This operation is also known as 'exclusive or' (xor) or 'vector addition over GF(2)' (bitwise addition modulo 2). Within combinatorial game theory it is usually called the nim-sum, as it will be called here. The nim-sum of x and y is written x ⊕ y to distinguish it from the ordinary sum, x + y. An example of the calculation with heaps of size 3, 4, and 5 is as follows:

An equivalent procedure, which is often easier to perform mentally, is to express the heap sizes as sums of distinct powers of 2, cancel pairs of equal powers, and then add what is left:

In normal play, the winning strategy is to finish every move with a nim-sum of 0. This is always possible if the nim-sum is not zero before the move. If the nim-sum is zero, then the next player will lose if the other player does not make a mistake. To find out which move to make, let X be the nim-sum of all the heap sizes. Find a heap where the nim-sum of X and heap-size is less than the heap-size - the winning strategy is to play in such a heap, reducing that heap to the nim-sum of its original size with X. In the example above, taking the nim-sum of the sizes is X = 3 ⊕ 4 ⊕ 5 = 2. The nim-sums of the heap sizes A=3, B=4, and C=5 with X=2 are

A ⊕ X = 3 ⊕ 2 = 1 [Since (011) ⊕ (010) = 001 ]

B ⊕ X = 4 ⊕ 2 = 6

C ⊕ X = 5 ⊕ 2 = 7

The only heap that is reduced is heap A, so the winning move is to reduce the size of heap A to 1 (by removing two objects).

As a particular simple case, if there are only two heaps left, the strategy is to reduce the number of objects in the bigger heap to make the heaps equal. After that, no matter what move your opponent makes, you can make the same move on the other heap, guaranteeing that you take the last object.

When played as a misère game, Nim strategy is different only when the normal play move would leave only heaps of size one. In that case, the correct move is to leave an odd number of heaps of size one (in normal play, the correct move would be to leave an even number of such heaps).

In a misère game with heaps of sizes three, four and five, the strategy would be applied like this:

Example implementation[edit]

The previous strategy for a misère game can be easily implemented (for example in Python, below).

Proof of the winning formula[edit]

The soundness of the optimal strategy described above was demonstrated by C. Bouton.

So I have managed to add some pieces.(6 responses) Hi, I have two data tables, one for 2017 and one for 2018. Microsoft ocx download.

Theorem. In a normal Nim game, the player making the first move has a winning strategy if and only if the nim-sum of the sizes of the heaps is not zero. Otherwise, the second player has a winning strategy.

Proof: Notice that the nim-sum (⊕) obeys the usual associative and commutative laws of addition (+) and also satisfies an additional property, x ⊕ x = 0.

Let x₁, .., x_n be the sizes of the heaps before a move, and y₁, .., y_n the corresponding sizes after a move. Let s = x₁ ⊕ .. ⊕ x_n and t = y₁ ⊕ .. ⊕ y_n. If the move was in heap k, we have x_i = y_i for all i ≠ k, and x_k > y_k. By the properties of ⊕ mentioned above, we have

The theorem follows by induction on the length of the game from these two lemmas.

Lemma 1. If s = 0, then t ≠ 0 no matter what move is made.

Proof: If there is no possible move, then the lemma is vacuously true (and the first player loses the normal play game by definition). Otherwise, any move in heap k will produce t = x_k ⊕ y_k from (*). This number is nonzero, since x_k ≠ y_k.

Lemma 2. If s ≠ 0, it is possible to make a move so that t = 0.

Proof: Let d be the position of the leftmost (most significant) nonzero bit in the binary representation of s, and choose k such that the dth bit of x_k is also nonzero. (Such a k must exist, since otherwise the dth bit of s would be 0.)Then letting y_k = s ⊕ x_k, we claim that y_k < x_k: all bits to the left of d are the same in x_k and y_k, bit d decreases from 1 to 0 (decreasing the value by 2^d), and any change in the remaining bits will amount to at most 2^d−1. The first player can thus make a move by taking x_k − y_k objects from heap k, then

The modification for misère play is demonstrated by noting that the modification first arises in a position that has only one heap of size 2 or more. Notice that in such a position s ≠ 0, therefore this situation has to arise when it is the turn of the player following the winning strategy. The normal play strategy is for the player to reduce this to size 0 or 1, leaving an even number of heaps with size 1, and the misère strategy is to do the opposite. From that point on, all moves are forced.

Variations[edit]

The subtraction game S(1, 2, . . ., k)[edit]

In another game which is commonly known as Nim (but is better called the subtraction gameS (1,2,..,k)), an upper bound is imposed on the number of objects that can be removed in a turn. Instead of removing arbitrarily many objects, a player can only remove 1 or 2 or .. or k at a time. This game is commonly played in practice with only one heap (for instance with k = 3 in the game Thai 21 on Survivor: Thailand, where it appeared as an Immunity Challenge).

Bouton's analysis carries over easily to the general multiple-heap version of this game. The only difference is that as a first step, before computing the Nim-sums, we must reduce the sizes of the heaps modulok + 1. If this makes all the heaps of size zero (in misère play), the winning move is to take k objects from one of the heaps. In particular, in ideal play from a single heap of n objects, the second player can win if and only if

n ≡ 0 (mod k + 1) (in normal play), or

n ≡ 1 (mod k + 1) (in misère play).

This follows from calculating the nim-sequence of S(1,2,..,k),

${\displaystyle 0.123\dots k0123\dots k0123\cdots =\dot{0}.123\dots \dot{k},}$

from which the strategy above follows by the Sprague–Grundy theorem.

The 21 game[edit]

The game '21' is played as a misère game with any number of players who take turns saying a number. The first player says '1' and each player in turn increases the number by 1, 2, or 3, but may not exceed 21; the player forced to say '21' loses. This can be modeled as a subtraction game with a heap of 21–n objects. The winning strategy for the two-player version of this game is to always say a multiple of 4; it is then guaranteed that the other player will ultimately have to say 21 – so in the standard version where the first player opens with '1', they start with a losing move.

The 21 game can also be played with different numbers, like 'Add at most 5; lose on 34'.

A sample game of 21 in which the second player follows the winning strategy:

The 100 game[edit]

A similar version is the '100 game': two players start from 0 and alternately add a number from 1 to 10 to the sum. The player who reaches 100 wins. The winning strategy is to reach a number in which the digits are subsequent (e.g. 01, 12, 23, 34,..) and control the game by jumping through all the numbers of this sequence. Once reached 89, the opponent has lost; they can only choose numbers from 90 to 99, and the next answer can in any case be 100).

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A multiple-heap rule[edit]

In another variation of Nim, besides removing any number of objects from a single heap, one is permitted to remove the same number of objects from each heap.

Circular Nim[edit]

Yet another variation of Nim is 'Circular Nim', where any number of objects are placed in a circle, and two players alternately remove one, two or three adjacent objects. For example, starting with a circle of ten objects,

three objects are taken in the first move

Play Nim Game

then another three

then one

but then three objects cannot be taken out in one move.

Grundy's game[edit]

In Grundy's game, another variation of Nim, a number of objects are placed in an initial heap, and two players alternately divide a heap into two nonempty heaps of different sizes. Thus, six objects may be divided into piles of 5+1 or 4+2, but not 3+3. Grundy's game can be played as either misère or normal play.

Greedy Nim[edit]

Greedy Nim is a variation where the players are restricted to choosing stones from only the largest pile.^[11] It is a finite impartial game. Greedy Nim Misère has the same rules as Greedy Nim, but here the last player able to make a move loses.

Game Of Nim Rules

Let the largest number of stones in a pile be m, the second largest number of stones in a pile be n. Let p_m be the number of piles having m stones, p_n be the number of piles having n stones. Then there is a theorem that game positions with p_m even are P positions.^[12] This theorem can be shown by considering the positions where p_m is odd. If p_m is larger than 1, all stones may be removed from this pile to reduce p_m by 1 and the new p_m will be even. If p_m = 1 (i.e. the largest heap is unique), there are two cases:

• If p_n is odd, the size of the largest heap is reduced to n (so now the new p_m is even).
• If p_n is even, the largest heap is removed entirely, leaving an even number of largest heaps.

Thus there exists a move to a state where p_m is even. Conversely, if p_m is even, if any move is possible (p_m ≠ 0) then it must take the game to a state where p_m is odd. The final position of the game is even (p_m = 0). Hence each position of the game with p_m even must be a P position.

Index-k Nim[edit]

A generalization of multi-heap Nim was called 'Nim${\displaystyle k_{}}$' or 'index-k' Nim by E. H. Moore,^[13] who analyzed it in 1910. In index-k Nim, instead of removing objects from only one heap, players can remove objects from at least one but up to k different heaps. The number of elements that may be removed from each heap may be either arbitrary, or limited to at most r elements, like in the 'subtraction game' above.

The winning strategy is as follows: Like in ordinary multi-heap Nim, one considers the binary representation of the heap sizes (or heap sizes modulo r + 1). In ordinary Nim one forms the XOR-sum (or sum modulo 2) of each binary digit, and the winning strategy is to make each XOR sum zero. In the generalization to index-k Nim, one forms the sum of each binary digit modulo k + 1.

Again the winning strategy is to move such that this sum is zero for every digit. Indeed, the value thus computed is zero for the final position, and given a configuration of heaps for which this value is zero, any change of at most k heaps will make the value non-zero. Conversely, given a configuration with non-zero value, one can always take from at most k heaps, carefully chosen, so that the value will become zero.

Building Nim[edit]

Building Nim is a variant of Nim where the two players first construct the game of Nim. Given n stones and s empty piles, the players alternate turns placing exactly one stone into a pile of their choice.^[14] Once all the stones are placed, a game of Nim begins, starting with the next player that would move. This game is denoted BN(n,s).

Higher dimensional Nim[edit]

n-d Nim is played on a k_1..k_n board, where any number of continuous pieces can be removed from any hyper-row. The starting position is usually the full board, but other options are allowed.^[15]

See also[edit]

Online Nim

References[edit]

1. ^Jorgensen, Anker Helms (2009), 'Context and driving forces in the development of the early computer game Nimbi', IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, 31 (3): 44–53, doi:10.1109/MAHC.2009.41, MR2767447, The two-person mathematical game Nim, which many believe originated in China, is probably one of the oldest games in the world.
2. ^Yaglom, I. M. (2001), 'Two games with matchsticks', in Tabachnikov, Serge (ed.), Kvant Selecta: Combinatorics, I, Volume 1, Mathematical world, 17, American Mathematical Society, pp. 1–8, ISBN9780821821718
3. ^Bouton, C. L. (1901–1902), 'Nim, a game with a complete mathematical theory', Annals of Mathematics, 3 (14): 35–39, doi:10.2307/1967631, JSTOR1967631
4. ^Tanya Khovanova, Joshua Xiong, Nim Fractals, arXiv:1405.5942
5. ^Flesch, Rudolf (1951). The Art of Clear Thinking. New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers. p. 3.
6. ^'ExpoMuseum / New York World's Fair, 1939-'40'. www.expomuseum.com. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
7. ^'1940: Nimatron'. platinumpiotr.blogspot.com. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
8. ^Grant, Eugene F.; Lardner, Rex (August 2, 1952). 'The Talk of the Town – It'. The New Yorker.
9. ^Cohen, Harvey A. 'How to Construct NIM Playing Machine'(PDF).
10. ^Morrissette, Bruce (1968), 'Games and game structures in Robbe-Grillet', Yale French Studies, 41 (41): 159–167, doi:10.2307/2929672, JSTOR2929672. Morrissette writes that Alain Robbe-Grillet, one of the screenwriters for the film, 'thought he had invented' the game.
11. ^--- (2001). Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays. 4 vols. (2nd ed.). A K Peters Ltd.; Berlekamp, Elwyn R.; Conway, John Horton; Guy, Richard K. (2003-06-15). vol. 1. ISBN978-1-56881-130-7.; Berlekamp, Elwyn R.; Conway, John Horton; Guy, Richard K. (2003-06-15). vol. 2. ISBN978-1-56881-142-0.; Berlekamp, Elwyn R.; Conway, John Horton; Guy, Richard K. (2003-06-15). vol. 3. ISBN978-1-56881-143-7.; Berlekamp, Elwyn R.; Conway, John Horton; Guy, Richard K. (2004-06-15). vol. 4. ISBN978-1-56881-144-4.
12. ^M H Albert, R. J. Nowakowski (2004). 'Nim Restrictions'(PDF). Integers: Electronic Journal of Combinatorial Number Theory 4.G01 (2004): G01: 2.
13. ^Moore, E. H. A Generalization of the Game Called Nim. Annals of Mathematics 11 (3), 1910, pp. 93–94
14. ^Larsson, Urban; Heubach, Silvia; Dufour, Matthieu; Duchêne, Eric (2015). 'Building Nim'. arXiv:1502.04068 [cs.DM].
15. ^'1021 - 2D-Nim'. Poj.org. Retrieved 2019-01-09.

Further reading[edit]

• W. W. Rouse Ball: Mathematical Recreations and Essays, The Macmillan Company, 1947.
• John D. Beasley: The Mathematics of Games, Oxford University Press, 1989.
• Elwyn R. Berlekamp, John H. Conway, and Richard K. Guy: Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays, Academic Press, Inc., 1982.
• Manfred Eigen and Ruthild Winkler: Laws of the Game, Princeton University Press, 1981.
• Walter R. Fuchs: Computers: Information Theory and Cybernetics, Rupert Hart-Davis Educational Publications, 1971.
• G. H. Hardy and E. M. Wright: An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers, Oxford University Press, 1979.
• Edward Kasner and James Newman: Mathematics and the Imagination, Simon and Schuster, 1940.
• M. Kaitchik: Mathematical Recreations, W. W. Norton, 1942.
• Donal D. Spencer: Game Playing with Computers, Hayden Book Company, Inc., 1968.

External links[edit]

How To Play Nim Game

• 50-pound computer plays Nim- The New Yorker magazine 'Talk of the Town' August, 1952(subscription required)
• The hot game of Nim – Nim theory and connections with other games at cut-the-knot
• Nim and 2-dimensional SuperNim at cut-the-knot
• Subtraction Game: a Subtraction Game illustration on Appstore.
• Classic Nim - Implementation of Nim for iOS.
• Matchstick Nim - Implementation of Nim for Android devices.